核主泵内部流动研究现状与技术发展综述

核主泵是反应堆冷却剂系统中唯一高速旋转设备,是影响核电厂安全性和可靠性的最关键设备,其长时间高效、稳定、安全地运行对防止核电厂事故的发生极为重要.近年来,随着全球核电工业高速发展,核主泵的重要性引起广泛关注.核主泵作为一回路承压边界的重要组成部分,在启停、地震、海啸等瞬态和异常工况下,或发生卡轴、轴密封泄漏以及失去外动力等事故时,核主泵驱动冷却剂的循环能力与反应堆释热之间的平衡遭到破坏,严重威胁堆芯安全.各种复杂工况下核主泵关键部件及其关联系统的复杂性和高安全性,是核主泵设计和制造难度极高的主要原因.针对核电技术的发展历程开展论述,介绍世界主要三代核电技术和中国三代核电建设和发展现状,介绍了中国独立自主三代核电技术“华龙一号”HPR1000和“国和一号”CAP1400,并以CAP系列核主泵为例简要介绍第三代压水堆系统和关键设备,介绍了2种典型无轴密封形式的核主泵:屏蔽电机核主泵和湿绕组核主泵.针对核主泵的水力优化设计、全特性、事故工况下水动力特性、气液两相流动、空化特性、流固耦合等内部流动研究现状开展论述.核主泵的安全可靠极为重要,核主泵设计加工制造也极具挑战.因此对核主泵内部流动基础理论和关键技术进行深入研究,突破国外的技术壁垒,掌握自主知识产权的核心技术和关键技术,实现核主泵技术的跨越式发展,是当前中国急待解决的“卡脖子”难题.     

Activated sludge denitrification in marine recirculating aquaculture system effluent using external and internal carbon sources

Stringent environmental legislation in Europe, especially in the Baltic Sea area, limits the discharge of nutrients to natural water bodies, limiting the aquaculture production in the region. Therefore, cost-efficient end-of-pipe treatment technologies to reduce nitrogen (N) discharge are required for the sustainable growth of marine land-based RAS. The following study examined the potential of fed batch reactors (FBR) in treating saline RAS effluents, aiming to define optimal operational conditions and evaluate the activated sludge denitrification capacity using external (acetate, propionate and ethanol) and internal carbon sources (RAS fish organic waste (FOW) and RAS fermented fish organic waste (FFOW)). The results show that between the evaluated operation cycle times (2, 4, and 6 h), the highest nitrate/nitrite removal rate was achieved at an operation cycle time of 2 h (corresponding to a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 h) when acetate was used as a carbon source. The specific denitrification rates were 98.7 ± 3.4 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass) and 93.2 ± 13.6 mg NO_x⁻-N/(h g biomass), with a resulting volumetric denitrification capacity of 1.20 kg NO₃⁻-N/(m³ reactor d). The usage of external and internal carbon sources at an operation cycle time of 4 h demonstrated that acetate had the highest nitrate removal rate (57.6 ± 6.6 mg N/(h g biomass)), followed by propionate (37.5 ± 6.3 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)), ethanol (25.5 ± 6.0 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)) and internal carbon sources (7.7 ± 1.6–14.1 ± 2.2 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)). No TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) or PO₄^3- accumulation was observed in the effluent when using the external carbon sources, while 0.9 ± 0.5 mg TAN/L and 3.9 ± 1.5 mg PO₄^3--P/L was found in the effluent when using the FOW, and 8.1±0.7 mg TAN/L and 7.3 ± 0.9 mg PO₄^3--P/L when using FFOW. Average sulfide concentrations varied between 0.002 and 0.008 mg S^2-/L when using the acetate, propionate and FOW, while using ethanol resulted in the accumulation of sulfide (0.26 ± 0.17 mg S^2-/L). Altogether, it was demonstrated that FBR has a great potential for end-of-pipe denitrification in marine land-based RAS, with a reliable operation and a reduced reactor volume as compared to the other available technologies. Using acetate, the required reactor volume is less than half of what is needed for other evaluated carbon sources, due to the higher denitrification rate achieved. Additionally, combined use of both internal and external carbon sources would further reduce the operational carbon cost.     

Application of nitrification and denitrification processes in a direct water reuse system for pacific white shrimp farmed in biofloc system

The aim of the present study was to propose a low-cost nitrogen removal system through the nitrification / denitrification process in order to maintain the water quality required for the Pacific white shrimp superintensive cultivation in closed systems without water renewal. The increase in productivity consequently causes the accumulation of organic matter and nitrogenous compounds, especially ammonia nitrogen and nitrite, which in high concentrations can be lethal to aquatic organisms. In addition, the accumulation of solids in the system provides conditions for the emergence of opportunistic pathogens, microalgae booms, and increases the producer's cost of inputs to maintain the equilibrium physicochemical relationships required for shrimp farming. The experimental productive cycle lasted 36 days using Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps with 7.1 g ± 0.56 g and density of 350 shrimps m⁻³. The nitrogen removal efficiency observed during the study period was 71.3 ± 5.3 %, and the shrimp had a survival of 92.9 % and a final weight of 13.1 ± 1.4 g. Thus, we established a system (ammonia and nitrite), capable of managing solids without interaction with the sea, ensuring high biosecurity against exogenous diseases in marine shrimps farms.     

五加科药用植物悬浮培养技术研究进展

利用悬浮培养技术对组织或细胞进行离体培养,是实现五加科药用植物可持续利用的重要途径。本文主要介绍了五加科药用植物悬浮培养的特点和反应器培养进展,分析了影响悬浮培养的条件以及各种培养条件对药效成分的影响,认为植物自身特点和培养条件对悬浮培养的成效影响较大,因此,明确影响不同植物培养效率的内、外因素十分必要,并提出了未来五加科药用植物悬浮培养研究的方向。     

EM-SBR反应器处理生活污水的效能Ⅱ生活污水处理效果

初试条件下考察了EM-SBR及常规SBR反应器处理生活污水的效果.结果表明:3种运行模式下,EM-SBR反应器去除CODcr效果明显优于常规SBR反应器,可实现CODcr去除率平均增幅9.31%;进水0.5 h、曝气4.0 h、静置1.0 h、排水0.5 h、闲置1.0 h是EM-SBR反应器处理生活污水的适宜运行模式.与常规SBR反应器相比,EM-SBR反应器具有水力停留时间短(HRT 6.0～9.0 h)、处理效果好、抗有机负荷能力强、运行稳定性高的技术优势.作为常规SBR的改良形式,EM-SBR技术可投入中试并为大生产所借鉴.     

膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应

以木聚糖为底物、木聚糖酶为催化剂，在木聚糖质量浓度为30．0g/L，操作压力16kPa，进料速度400mL/min，时间12h,pH值5．0，温度为48摄氏度的条件下研究了超滤膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应。结果表明，木聚糖的酶水解总糖得率为60．10％，未水解木聚糖聚合度为10左右，碱溶对聚合度没有影响，未水解木聚糖重新水解，总糖得率为7．50％。     

厌氧发酵反应器内温度场的数值模拟

厌氧发酵反应器是沼气发酵工程的重要装置,由于其内部反应十分复杂,因此发酵反应器内的局部流动和传热过程的研究一直是一个颇具研究价值的问题。掌握反应器内的温度分布是厌氧发酵过程控制工艺优化的基础,对反应器的温度控制起着至关重要的作用。为此,采用CFD(计算流体力学)的数值模拟方法对发酵料液内的温度场、速度场进行模拟,分析了反应器内料液的流动和换热情况。由于发酵料液的流动速度非常微小,基本可以忽略不计,因此反应器内部料液与反应器侧壁和地面之间热量传递方式以导热为主,可以忽略对流换热作用。由此为今后进一步研究提供理论依据。     

Comparative water quality and channel catfish production in earthen ponds and a biofloc technology production system

This 210-day study compared variation in water quality and fish growth for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; 47 g/fish) stocked in earthen ponds (1.5 fish/m², 14,820/ha) and in a biofloc technology (BFT) production system with high-density polyethylene-lined rectangular tanks (12.6 fish/m², 126,000/ha). Feed input and culture environment affected water-quality dynamics. In ponds, phytoplankton uptake predominated and little nitrification occurred, whereas in the BFT system phytoplankton uptake and nitrification maintained low ammonia-nitrogen concentrations. Size classes of fish were skewed toward the larger market sizes in ponds and toward smaller market sizes in the BFT system. Mean final fish weight was 630 g/fish in ponds and 542 g/fish in the BFT system. Despite these differences, fish yield was higher in the BFT system (7.7 kg/m³ v. 1.5 kg/m³) because of the greater initial stocking rate.     

Comparing a chemoautotrophic-based biofloc system and three heterotrophic-based systems receiving different carbohydrate sources

A 56-day study was conducted in which shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were stocked at 300 m⁻³ into 16, 500-L tanks. Four treatments were created: chemoautotrophic (CA), heterotrophic sucrose (HS), heterotrophic molasses (HM), and heterotrophic glycerol (HG). The heterotrophic treatments were managed such that the C:N ratio of inputs (feed and carbohydrate source) was 22:1. The chemoautotrophic treatment received no added carbohydrate, only shrimp feed. Each treatment was assigned randomly to four replicate tanks. Nitrate-N was significantly greater in the CA treatment, accumulating to a peak mean concentration of 162 mg NO₃-N L⁻¹ and nitrate was typically below detection (<0.01 mg NO₃-N L⁻¹) in the heterotrophic treatments. 5-Day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) was significantly greater in the heterotrophic treatments compared to the chemoautotrophic treatment. Total suspended solids concentration was significantly lower in the CA treatment compared to any other. Shrimp growth rate was significantly greater in the CA and HS treatments versus the HM treatment and there was no significant difference in growth rate between the HG treatment and any other treatment. These results indicate that differences in management and carbohydrate source can lead to substantial disparity in system function and shrimp production.     

转锥式生物质热解机械系统的研制

该文介绍了转锥式生物质热解系统的组成和工作过程，该系统以自行研制的三锥齿缘式锥式反应器作为主反应器，设计了连续弯叠火管式热载体加热炉和热载体气力输送装置。在反应器温度550℃条件下，取农作物秸秆和木材等生物质原料各5 kg进行试验，加工平均耗时为1分38秒，生物质油得率为75.30%。该系统的研制和试验，为大型生物质热解系统的开发提供了依据。